The Bible presents Naomi as the wife of Elimelech, who is related to Boaz. The A type of non-halakhic literary activitiy of the Rabbis for interpreting non-legal material according to special principles of interpretation (hermeneutical rules).midrash supplies additional genealogical details about Naomi and her family. According to the BT (Bava Batra 91a), Elimelech, Salmon (Boaz’s father), the anonymous redeemer, and Naomi’s father were brothers, all the sons of Nahshon son of Amminadab (who is explicitly mentioned at the end of the Book of Ruth as Salmon’s father). In other words, Elimelech was not only Naomi’s husband, but also her uncle and the uncle of Boaz. According to other exegetical sources, Elimelech was Boaz’s brother (Ruth Rabbah 6:6) or cousin (Ruth Zuta 2:1).

The Rabbis speak at length of the magnitude of the disaster that befell Naomi upon the death of her husband and sons. Thus, for example: “If a man dies, who misses him? His wife; and ‘Elimelech, Naomi’s husband, died’ [Ruth 1:4]” (Ruth Rabbah 2:7). In other words, the wife feels most strongly the loss of her husband. “‘So the woman was left’ [Ruth 1:5] […] she becomes a mere remnant” (Ruth Rabbah 2:10). According to one midrashic source (Ruth Rabbah 3:7) Naomi was pregnant when she went to Bethlehem (“I went away full”—Ruth 1:21), thus her first misfortune, even before the deaths of Elimelech, Mahlon, and Chilion, was her miscarriage. This exposition casts a different light on her words to her daughters-in-law: “Have I any more sons in my body who might be husbands for you?” (Ruth 1:11).

The Rabbis also expand upon the dialogues between Naomi and her daughters-in-law (in, e.g., Ruth Rabbah 2:16) and seek to understand why she tried to persuade them to return to their home in Moab. Ruth Zuta indicates that Naomi was ashamed of her Gentile daughters-in-law and did not want them to return with her to Bethlehem; even when she allowed Ruth to come back with her, the midrash presents this as irksome for Naomi (Ruth Zuta 1:8, 12). This orientation does not appear in Ruth Rabbah, in which the exegetical expansions mainly explain and interpret the Biblical depiction of Naomi’s attempts to convince her daughters-in-law to go back to their home as relating to their chances of remarrying.

An additional element relates to conversion as the subject of a portion of the exchanges. Ruth Rabbah understands the wording “and they set out on the road” (Ruth 1:7) as referring to the laws of conversion (Ruth Rabbah 2:22). Ruth’s moving speech— “but Ruth replied, ‘Do not urge me to leave you, to turn back and not follow you. For wherever you go, I will go; wherever you lodge, I will lodge; your people shall be my people, and your God my God. Where you die, I will die, and there I will be buried. Thus, and more may the Lord do to me if anything but death parts me from you” (1:16–17)—is transformed by the midrash into a conversation between Ruth and Naomi.

What Ruth says in these verses is in response to Naomi’s depiction for her of the mores of the Jewish religion, which the midrash “completes” for the reader. Thus, for example, “For wherever you go, I will go”: “She told her, ‘My daughter, it is not the way of Israel to go to theaters or to circuses, but only to synagogues and study halls. Nor is it the way of Israel to go more than two thousand cubits on the Sabbath” (Ruth Rabbah 2:22). A similar transformation of a seeming statement into a dialogue, albeit with differing emphases, appears in Ruth Zuta (1:12).

The Rabbis dramatically portray Naomi and Ruth’s entrance to Bethlehem and find various reasons why masses of people were in the fields of Bethlehem at the time, such as the fact that this happened to be the beginning of the barley harvest; or that the crowds had gone forth for the funeral of Boaz’s wife, who had died that day (Ruth Rabbah 3:5–6). This crowd receives the two women.

The women of a city function in the Bible, and consequently in the midrash, as a sort of chorus. Their question: “Can this be Naomi?” is given a detailed treatment in the midrash, with a depiction of her present situation, as compared with her past standing: “They said: ‘Can this be Naomi?’—they said: Is this the one whose actions were fine and pleasant [na’im u-ne’imim]? In the past, she was garbed in her colorful and plush clothing, and now she wears rags. In the past her face was florid from eating and drinking, now her face is green from hunger.” Naomi’s response: “Do not call me Naomi, call me Mara [bitter]” (1:20) is explained by analogy to a cow whose owner praises it, while the bruises on its body attest that it is not such a good and obedient beast. This metaphor is meant to explain Naomi’s situation and her attitude toward it, one of justification and acceptance (Ruth Rabbah loc. cit.).

The midrash relates to different aspects of the singular relationship between Naomi and her daughter-in-law Ruth. The former is perceived as Ruth’s spiritual mentor, from the stage of conversion to her concern about the way in which Ruth will go forth to gather food. Her instruction to gather only from Boaz’s field is seen as an expression of her concern for Ruth’s modesty and innocence (Ruth Zuta 2:2, 18, 22). Naomi stresses that Ruth is to stay close to Boaz’s girls and not to his lads (Ruth Rabbah 5:11). Her directing Ruth to the threshing floor is perceived as intended solely for Ruth’s benefit (Ruth Rabbah 5:12), and Naomi’s precise instructions were meant to preserve her daughter-in-law’s spiritual wellbeing and ensure her affiliation to the people of Israel (Ruth Rabbah loc. cit.; Ruth Zuta 2:22).

Some of the tableaux in Ruth Zuta (2:2, 18, 22) imply strict supervision of Ruth’s ways, perhaps ensuing from Naomi’s continued wariness concerning her daughter-in-law, which is indicated by this midrash’s tendency to depict Naomi as embarrassed by Ruth’s Gentile status. Thus, for example, when Ruth goes forth to gather food, Naomi takes care that she “not engage in misconduct nor be dependent upon others” (2:2) and fears lest “Heaven forfend, she join the licentious ones” (2:18).

After Ruth gives birth to a son, the neighbors say: “A son is born to Naomi” (Ruth 4:17), who is the child’s foster mother. The Rabbis observe that the child is attributed to Naomi because she raised him (BT Sanhedrin 19b). This fact is also related to another midrashic testimony that Boaz died immediately after the wedding, and so Naomi raised the boy (Ruth Zuta 4:13).

The midrash is generally quite positive in its appraisal of Naomi, who is called “a righteous woman” in various places, and is included among the upright women outstanding in their righteousness with whom Israel was blessed throughout the generations (Ozar ha-Midrashim [Eisenstein], p. 474). Thus, for example, Midrash Eshet Hayil applies to her the verse (Prov. 31:20): “her hands are stretched out to the needy” and describes her as feeding the poor. According to Ruth Rabbah (6:4), Boaz was blessed with children only after Naomi prayed for him.

Naomi’s leaving the country of Moab is compared with Jacob’s departure from Beer-sheba, with the same effect: “The great one in the city is its splendor, its glory, its praise. If he left there, its splendor has departed, its glory has departed, its praise has departed” (Ruth Rabbah 2:12).

Interestingly, “Naomi took the child […] She became its foster mother” (Ruth 4:16) is the reason given by Ozar ha-Midrashim for Naomi’s inclusion in the list of righteous women. This may possibly express the view that Naomi’s greatness consisted primarily of her taking pains so that this child be born, thus resulting both in Ruth’s personal redemption and in the redemption and restoration of the family as a whole. By Naomi’s merit King David and the Messiah would be born.

Naomi’s great distress is attributed to her husband’s and sons’ sin of jealousy (Ruth Zuta 1:2) or, alternately, to the family’s having left The Land of IsraelErez Israel (BT Bava Batra 91a; Midrash Eshet Hayil).

Naomi’s name also attests to her essential nature. As with other characters in the Book of Ruth, the Rabbis expound her name in a manner that corresponds to the Scriptural depiction: she was named Naomi “because her actions were fine and pleasant [na’im u-ne’imim]” (Ruth Rabbah 2:5); and in Zohar, Lekh Lekha, as “May the favor of the Lord, our God, be upon us” (Ps. 90:17).